In 2008,

Japan

was the quiet stabilizer in an unravelling world. Its central bank was passive, its

interest rates

were near zero and its

bond market

quietly absorbed global capital. Fast forward to 2025, and Japan is no longer the ballast, it’s the epicentre of a potential sovereign debt crisis. And what’s happening there could soon ripple across the globe, especially into the U.S. Treasury market.

The quiet anchor is slipping

Japan’s government

bond yields

are rising at a pace not seen in decades. The 30-year Japanese Government Bond (JGB) recently breached 3.2 per cent, the highest level on record. The 10-year yield is now above 1.58 per cent, a level that would have been unthinkable just a few years ago.

But this isn’t a healthy normalization. It’s a structural repricing driven by a collapsing yen, rising energy costs, and a growing loss of confidence in the

Bank of Japan

(BOJ). The central bank’s long-standing policy of yield curve control is being overwhelmed by market forces. Investors are no longer waiting for the BOJ to lead; they’re setting the terms themselves.

Japan now faces a brutal policy bind: Defend the bond market and the yen collapses, or defend the yen and bond yields spike.

With a debt-to-GDP ratio exceeding 260 per cent, Japan’s fiscal math is already fragile. At the same time, as of mid-July 2025, the yen is trading near 150 yen to the U.S. dollar, its lowest level in more than 30 years. The most likely path forward is quiet intervention: stealth bond purchases, liquidity injections and vague reassurances. But the core issue remains: The BOJ no longer commands the market narrative.

Why this matters for the U.S.

Japan isn’t just another economy. It’s the largest foreign holder of U.S. Treasuries, with more than US$1.13 trillion in holdings. For decades, Japanese investors have been reliable buyers of U.S. debt, helping to keep American borrowing costs low. But that may be changing.

As yields rise at home and the yen weakens, Japanese investors are under pressure to repatriate capital and sell foreign bonds, including U.S. Treasuries, to invest domestically. This shift could have serious consequences:

  • Reduced demand for U.S. debt, especially at the long end of the curve.
  • Higher yields, as the Treasury struggles to attract buyers.
  • Increased volatility, as global capital flows realign.

In short, if Japan steps back from the U.S. bond market, America’s borrowing costs could rise sharply, just as its own fiscal challenges are mounting.

The end of the MMT era

This moment also marks a turning point for central banks more broadly. The era of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) — the idea that governments can print money to fund spending without consequence — is effectively over. The Federal Reserve can no longer rely on unlimited bond buying to stabilize markets. The risks of inflation, currency devaluation, and loss of investor confidence are now too great. And Japan is giving the world a glimpse of what happens when debt levels become unsustainable and central banks lose control. The U.S. may not be far behind.

Political risk is rising

Adding to the uncertainty is the political backdrop. While U.S. President Donald Trump has publicly denied reports that he plans to remove Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell, he has also said it’s “highly unlikely” he would do so, leaving room for ambiguity. The mixed messaging has raised concerns about the Fed’s independence, a cornerstone of global confidence in the U.S. dollar. Even the suggestion of political interference can undermine market stability and investor trust.

If investors begin to doubt the Fed’s ability to act independently and credibly, the consequences could be severe: a weaker dollar, higher inflation expectations and a loss of safe-haven status for U.S. assets.

What does all of this mean for investors?

Here are two key takeaways:

1. Pay close attention to the bond market; it’s telling you more than you think.

Bond markets often act as an early warning system for broader financial risks. Right now they’re flashing signals that shouldn’t be ignored. In the U.S., rising fiscal deficits and political interference — such as the potential removal of Fed chief Powell — could accelerate a global pullback from U.S. assets. If foreign capital, especially from Japan, starts to repatriate, even the strength of the Magnificent Seven mega cap tech stocks may not be enough to hold up U.S. equity markets.

With U.S. stocks, and especially these Mag 7 tech stocks, now making up a historically high share of global equity market capitalization, this could be a smart time to diversify internationally. Global markets may offer better value, lower concentration risk and insulation from U.S.-centric shocks.

2. Rethink the 60/40 portfolio; it’s no longer the safe haven it once was. For decades, the 60/40 portfolio (60 per cent stocks, 40 per cent bonds) was the gold standard for conservative investors. But today bonds are no longer reliably protecting against inflation or providing downside protection during equity selloffs. In fact, they’re introducing new risks.

This is especially important for older or more conservative investors. It’s time to explore new tools for risk management, whether that means alternative income strategies, commodities, real assets or more dynamic portfolio construction. The old playbook isn’t broken, it’s just outdated.

As Japan’s bond market flashes red, with the world’s most indebted advanced economy struggling to maintain control over its financial system, the implications extend far beyond Tokyo. For investors, this should be a resounding wake-up call. The global financial order is shifting and the assumptions that have underpinned markets for decades are being tested.

  • The key to investing once you’ve built wealth
  • It’s a tough time for traditional 60/40 investors

The quiet anchor of global finance may be slipping. The question now is: Who’s ready for what comes next?

Martin Pelletier, CFA, is a senior portfolio manager at Wellington-Altus Private Counsel Inc., operating as TriVest Wealth Counsel, a private client and institutional investment firm specializing in discretionary risk-managed portfolios, investment audit/oversight and advanced tax, estate and wealth planning. The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of Wellington-Altus.

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